HomeFeatured Articles

References: Analysis of the Polyester Clothing Value Chain to Identify Key Intervention Points for Sustainability

Analysis of the Polyester Clothing Value Chain to Identify Key Intervention Points for Sustainability

Cristina Palacios-Mateo*, Yvonne van der Meer and Gunnar Seide
*Correspondence:  [email protected]
Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering,
Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands

 

REFERENCES

  1. The Fiber Year (2019) The Fiber Year: World Survey on Textiles and Nonwovens.

 

  1. European Commission (2018) Circular Economy: New rules will make EU the global front-runner in waste management and recycling.

 

  1. Roser M, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E (2019) World Population Growth. https://ourwo rldin data.org/world -popul ation -growt h Accessed 26 April 2020

 

  1. European Parliamentary Research Service (2019) Environmental impact of the textile and clothing industry: What consumers need to know.

 

  1. ECAP European Clothing Action Plan (2019) Driving circular fashion and textiles.

 

  1. The Boston Consulting Group (2017) Pulse of the Fashion Industry Report.

 

  1. Wright SL, Kelly FJ (2017) Plastic and human health: a micro issue? Environ Sci Technol 51(12):6634–6647

 

  1. European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (2014) Environmental Improvement Potential of textiles (IMPRO textiles). doi: https ://doi.org/10.2791/52624
  2. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017) A New Textiles Economy: Redesign- ing Fashion’s Future

 

  1. Elkington J (1998) Cannibals with forks: the triple bottom line of 21st century business. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island
  2. Richards PR (2015) Chapter 19–Fabric Finishing: Dyeing and Colouring. In: Sinclair R (ed) Textiles and Fashion. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, pp 475–505

 

  1. Muthu S (2020) Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain. Woodhead Publishing, Textiles and Fashion

 

  1. UN Environmental Programme (2020) Sustainability and Circularity in the Textile Value Chai Global Stocktaking

 

  1. Speight JG (2011) Chapter 12–Petrochemicals. In: Speight JG (ed) Hand- book of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston, pp 429–466

 

  1. Greene JP (2014) Chapter 3 – Life Cycle Information. In: Greene JP (ed) Sustainable Plastics: Environmental Assessments of Biobased, Biode- gradable, and Recycled Plastics. Wiley, New York

 

  1. Rider H (2020) Western oil and gas spills tracker https ://weste rnpri orities.org/2020/02/27/weste rn-oil-and-gas-spill s-track er/ Accessed 26 April 2020

 

  1. Onwuka EC (2005) Oil extraction, environmental degradation and poverty in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: a viewpoint. Int J Environ Stud 62(6):655–662

 

  1. Ipingbemi O (2009) Socio-economic implications and environmental effects of oil spillage in some communities in the Niger delta. J Integrat Environ Sci 6(1):7–23

 

  1. Paris AR, Bocarsly AB (2019) High-efficiency conversion of CO2 to oxa- late in water is possible using a Cr-Ga oxide electrocatalyst. ACS Catal 9(3):2324–2333. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsca tal.8b043 27

 

  1. Murcia-Valderrama MM, van Putten RJ, Gruter GJM (2019) The potential of oxalic – and glycolic acid based polyesters (review). Towards CO2 as a feedstock (Carbon Capture and Utilization – CCU). Eur Poly J 119:445–468. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpo lymj.2019.07.036

 

  1. Siracusa V, Blanco I (2020) Bio-Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Bio-Polypropylene (Bio-PP) and Bio-Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Bio-PET): recent develop- ments in bio-based polymers analogous to petroleum-derived ones for packaging and engineering applications. Polymers 12:1641. https ://doi.org/10.3390/polym 12081 641
  2. De Paoli MA, Aurelio M, Waldman W (2019) Bio-based Additives for Thermoplastics. Polímeros 29.

 

  1. Textile Exchange (2019) Preferred Fiber & Materials Market Report.

 

  1. Volanti M, Cespi D, Passarini F, Neri E, Cavani F, Mizsey P, Fozer D (2019) Terephthalic acid from renewable sources: early-stage sustainability analysis of a bio-PET precursor. Green Chem 21(4):885–896

 

  1. Mandal S, Dey A (2019) Chapter 1–PET Chemistry. In: Thomas S (ed) Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles. William Andrew Pub- lishing, New York

 

  1. PlasticsEurope (2019) Operation Clean Sweep Report.

 

  1. Wasiak A, ZiabickiA (1975) Effect of spinning conditions and orientation on the degree of crystallinity of nylon and polyester fibres. Appl Polym Symp p. 111–119.

 

  1. Tyagi GK (2010) Chapter 5–Yarn structure and properties from different spinning techniques. In: Lawrence CA (ed) Advances in Yarn Spinning Technology. Woodhead Publishing p, Sawston, pp 119–154

 

  1. Van der Velden NM, Patel MK, Vogtlander J (2014) LCA benchmarking study on textiles made of cotton, polyester, nylon, acryl, or elastane. Int J Life Cycle Assess 19:331–356

 

  1. Niinimäki K, Peters G, Dahlbo H, Perry P, Rissanen T, Gwilt A (2020) The environmental price of fast fashion. Nat Rev Earth Environ 1:189–200

 

  1. Vilumsone-Nemes I (2012) Chapter 1 – Introduction to cutting room operations in garment manufacture. In: Vilumsone-Nemes I (ed) Industrial Cutting of Textile Materials. Woodhead Publishing p, Sawston, pp 1–5 (ISBN 9780857091345)

 

  1. De Falco F, Cocca MC, Avella M, Thompson RC (2020) Microfiber release to water, via laundering, and to air, via everyday use: a comparison between polyester clothing with differing textile parameters. Environ Sci Technol 54(6):3288–3296

 

  1. Liu J, Yang Y, Ding J, Zhu B, Gao W (2019) Microfibers: a preliminary discussion on their definition and sources. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(28):29497–29501

 

  1. Henry B, Laitala K, Klepp IG (2019) Microfibres from apparel and home textiles: Prospects for including microplastics in environmental sustain- ability assessment. Sci Total Environ 652:483–494

 

  1. Prata JC (2018) Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health? Environ Pollut 234:115–126

 

  1. Kidd S (2018) Which countries have banned asbestos? https ://www.asbes tos.net/blog/which-countries-have-banne d-asbes tos/ Accessed25 May 2020

 

  1. Osinubi OY, Gochfeld M, Kipen HM (2000) Health effects of asbestos and nonasbestos fibers. Environ Health Perspect 108(suppl 4):665–674
  2. Luongo G (2015) Chemicals in textiles: A potential source for human exposure and environmental pollution. Dissertation Stockholm University.

 

  1. Stone C, Windsor FM, Munday M, Durance I (2020) Natural or syn- thetic—how global trends in textile usage threaten freshwater environ- ments. Sci Total Environ 718:134689

 

  1. De Giorgi MR, Cadoni E, Maricca D, Piras A (2000) Dyeing polyester fibres with disperse dyes in supercritical CO2. Dyes Pigm 45(1):75–79

 

  1. Terinte N, Krishna Manda BM, Taylor J, Schuster KC, Patel MK (2014) Envi- ronmental assessment of coloured fabrics and opportunities for value creation: spin-dyeing versus conventional dyeing of modal fabrics. J Cleaner Product 72:127–138

 

  1. Chavan RB (2011) Chapter 16–Environmentally friendly dyes. In: Clark M (ed) Handbook of Textile and Industrial Dyeing. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, pp 515–561

 

  1. Das S (2013) Chapter 4 – Compliance of restricted substances in safety aspects of apparel. In: Das S (ed) Product Safety and Restricted Sub- stances in Apparel. Woodhead Publishing India, Daryaganj, pp 29–53

 

  1. Chung KT (2016) Azo dyes and human health: a review. J Environ Sci Health Part C 34(4):233–261

 

  1. Yusuf M, Shabbir M, Mohammad F (2017) Natural Colorants: Histori- cal, Processing and Sustainable Prospects. Nat Products Bioprospect 7(1):123–145

 

  1. Elnagar K, Elmaaty TA, Raouf S (2014) Dyeing of polyester and polyam- ide synthetic fabrics with natural dyes using ecofriendly technique. J Textiles. https ://doi.org/10.1155/2014/36307 9

 

  1. Zu ZY, Zheng LJ, Du B, Wei J, Qian YF, Sui JF (2013) Study on Alizarin dyes on polyester-cotton knitted fabrics dyeing in supercritical Adv Mat Res 821–822:556–559

 

  1. Khan MI, Ahmad A, Khan SA, Yusuf M, Shahid M, Manzoor N, Moham- mad F (2011) Assessment of antimicrobial activity of Catechu and its dyed substrate. J Cleaner Product 19(12):1385–1394

 

  1. Roos S, Jonsson C, Posner S, Arvidsson R, Svanstrom M (2019) An inven- tory framework for inclusion of textile chemicals in life cycle assess- ment. Int J Life Cycle Assessm 24(5):838–847

 

  1. Lyche JL, Rosseland C, Berge G, Polder A (2015) Human health risk asso- ciated with brominated flame-retardants (BFRs). Environ Int 74:170–180

 

  1. Jin Y, Chen S (2019) Flame Retardants: exposure, biomarkers, and health risks. In: Zhang Y (ed) Emerging Chemicals and Human Health. Springer, Singapore

 

  1. Maqsood M, Langensiepen F, Seide G (2019) The efficiency of biobased carbonization agent and intumescent flame retardant on flame retardancy of biopolymer composites and investigation of their melt- spinnability. Molecules 24:1513

 

  1. Al-Etaibi AM, El-Apasery MA (2019) Dyeing performance of disperse dyes on polyester fabrics using eco-friendly carrier and their antioxidant and anticancer activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(23):4603

 

  1. Koszewska M (2018) Circular economy—challenges for the textile and clothing industry. Autex Res J. 18:337–347

 

  1. Bullón Pérez JJ, Queiruga-Dios A, Gayoso Martínez V, Martín del Rey A (2020) Traceability of ready-to-wear clothing through blockchain technology. Sustainability 12(18):7491

 

  1. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2012) Working conditions in the retail sector.

 

  1. Bick R, Halsey E, Ekenga CC (2018) The global environmental injustice of fast fashion. Environ Health 17(1):92

 

  1. Henninger CE, Alevizou PJ, Oates CJ (2016) What is sustainable fashion? J Fashion Market Manage Int J 20(4):400–416

 

  1. Euronews (2020) What is greenwashing and why is it a problem? https ://www.euron ews.com/2020/07/04/what-is-green washi ng-and-why-is-it-a-probl em Accessed 10 June 2020

 

  1. Karaosman H, Morales G, Grijalvo M, Brun A (2015) The impact of ethical fashion on Spanish consumers / El impacto de la ética en la moda para los consumidores españoles. Direccion y Organización 57:63–73

 

  1. Sandin G, Peters G (2018) Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 184.

 

  1. Fashion for Good (2019) The future of circular fashion.

 

  1. Smith GG, Barker RH (1995) Life cycle analysis of a polyester garment. Resour Conserv Recycl 14(3):233–249

 

  1. Jardak K, Drogui P, Daghrir R (2016) Surfactants in aquatic and terrestrial environment: occurrence, behavior, and treatment processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(4):3195–3216
  2. Pakula C, Stamminger R (2010) Electricity and water consumption for laundry washing by washing machine worldwide. Energ E? 3:365–382

 

  1. Yasin S, Behary N, Rovero G, Kumar V (2016) Statistical analysis of use- phase energy consumption of textile products. Int J Life Cycle Assessm 21(12):1776–1788

 

  1. Stamminger R, Schmitz A (2016) Washing machines in Europe— detailed assessment of consumption and performance. Tenside Surfactants Deterg 53(1):70–86

 

  1. Vuppaladadiyam AK, Merayo N, Prinsen P, Luque R, Blanco A, Zhao M (2019) A review on greywater reuse: quality, risks, barriers and global scenarios. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol 18(1):77–99

 

  1. European Parliament News (2020) Parliament approves increased water reuse. https ://www.europ arl.europ a.eu/news/en/press -room/20200 512IP R7892 1/parli ament -appro ves-incre ased-water -reuse Accessed 20 May 2020

 

  1. Vargas-Parra MV, Rovira-Val MR, Gabarrell-Durany X, Villalba-Mendez G (2019) Rainwater harvesting systems reduce detergent use. Int J Life Cycle Assess 24(5):809–823

 

  1. EnergyStar (2020) Laundry Best Practices. https ://www.energ ystar .gov/produ cts/laund ry_best_pract ices Accessed 15 May 2020

 

  1. Collins M, Aumonier S (2002) Streamlined life cycle assessment of two Marks & Spencer plc apparel products. Environmental Resources Management, Oxford

 

  1. European Parliament (2010) Directive 2010/30/EU with regard to energy labelling of household washing machines. Official Journal of the European Union.

 

  1. I.S.E. (2018) I PREFER 30 CAMPAIGN – Close out report.

 

  1. Yun C, Patwary S, LeHew MLA, Kim J (2017) Sustainable care of textile products and its environmental impact: tumble-drying and ironing processes. Fibers Polymers 18:590–596

 

  1. Steinberger JK, Friot D, Jolliet O, Erkman S (2009) A spatially explicit life cycle inventory of the global textile chain. Int J Life Cycle Assess 19:443–455

 

  1. Font Vivanco D, Mcdowal W, Freire-Gonzalez J, Kemp R, Van der Voet E (2016) The foundations of the environmental rebound effect and its contribution towards a general framework. Ecol Econ 125:60–69

 

  1. Shahmohammadi S, Steinmann Z, Clavreul J, Hendrickx H, King H, Huijbregts MAJ (2018) Quantifying drivers of variability in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of consumer products—a case study on laundry washing in Europe. Int J Life Cycle Assess 23(10):1940–1949

 

  1. Rebello S, Anoopkumar AN, Raveendran S, Parameswaran B, Pandey A, Aneesh EM (2020) Chapter 23 – Comparative life-cycle analysis of synthetic detergents and biosurfactants—an overview. In: Kumar RP, Gnansounou E, Raman JK, Baskar G (eds) Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 511–521

 

  1. Pedersen SN, Christiansen LB, Pedersen KL, Korgsgaard B, Bjerregaard P (1999) In vivo estrogenic activity of branched and linear alkylphenols in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sci Total Environ 233(1):89–96

 

  1. Lee GF, Jones RA (1986) Detergent phosphate bans and eutrophication. Environ Sci Technol 20(4):330–331

 

  1. Sinclair R (2014) Textiles and fashion materials design and technology. Woodhead Publishing Series Textiles, Sawston

 

  1. Zambrano MC, Pawlak J, Daystar J, Ankeny M, Cheng JJ, Venditti RA (2019) Microfibers generated from the laundering of cotton, rayon and polyester based fabrics and their aquatic biodegradation. Mar Pollut Bull 142:394–407

 

  1. De Falco F, Di Pace E, Cocca MC, Avella M (2019) The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution. Scien- tific Reports 9(1):6633

 

  1. Carney Almroth BM, Astrom L, Roslund S, Petersson H, Johansson M, Persson NK (2018) Quantifying shedding of synthetic fibers from tex- tiles; a source of microplastics released into the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(2):1191–1199

 

  1. Napper IE, Thompson RC (2016) Release of synthetic microplastic plas- tic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Mar Pollut Bull 112(1):39–45

 

  1. Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten EL, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thomp- son RC (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45(21):9175–9179

 

  1. De Falco F, Gullo MP, Gentile G, Di Pace E, Cocca MC, Gelabert L, Brouta- Agnesa M, Rovira A, Escudero R, Villalba R, Mossotti R, Montarsolo A, Gavignano S, Tonin C, Avella M (2018) Evaluation of microplastic release caused by textile washing processes of synthetic fabrics. Environ Pollut 236:916–925

 

  1. Hernandez E, Nowack B, Mitrano DM (2017) Polyester textiles as a source of microplastics from households: a mechanistic study to understand microfiber release during washing. Environ Sci Technol 51(12):7036–7046

 

  1. Kelly MR, Lant NJ, Kurr M, Burgess JG (2019) Importance of Water- Volume on the Release of Microplastic Fibers from Laundry. Environ Sci Technol 53(20):11735–11744

 

  1. Hartline NL, Bruce NJ, Karba SN, Ruff EO, Sonar SU, Holden PA (2016) Microfiber masses recovered from conventional machine washing of new or aged garments. Environ Sci Technol 50(21):11532–11538

 

  1. Cai Y, Yang T, Mitrano DM, Heuberger M, Hufenus R, Nowack B (2020) Systematic study of microplastic fiber release from 12 different polyes- ter textiles during washing. Environ Sci Technol 54(8):4847–4855

 

  1. Dris R, Gasperi J, Mirande C, Mandin C, Guerrouache M, Langlois V, Tas- sin B (2017) A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments. Environ Pollut 221:453–458

 

  1. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (2014) Mikroskopiska skräppartiklar i vatten från avloppsreningsverk.

 

  1. Allen S, Allen D, Phoenix VR, Le Roux G, Durantez Jimenez P, Simon- neau A, Binet S, Galop D (2019) Atmospheric transport and deposi- tion of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment. Nat Geosci 12(5):339–344

 

  1. Mani T, Hauk A, Walter U, Burkhardt-Holm P (2015) Microplastics profile along the Rhine River. Scientific Reports 5(1):17988

 

  1. Fischer EK, Paglialonga L, Czech E, Tamminga M (2016) Microplastic pollution in lakes and lake shoreline sediments—a case study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi (central Italy). Environ Pollut 213:648–657

 

  1. Said L, Heard MJ (2020) Variation in the presence and abundance of anthropogenic microfibers in the Cumberland River in Nashville, TN, USA. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(9):10135–10139

 

  1. Jiang C, Yin L, Li Z, Wen X, Luo X, Hu S, Yang H, Long Y, Deng B, Huang L, Liu Y (2019) Microplastic pollution in the rivers of the Tibet Plateau. Environ Pollut 249:91–98

 

  1. González-Pleiter M, Velazquez D, Edo C, Carretero O, Gago J, Baron-Sola A, Hernandez LE, Yousef I, Quesada A, Leganes F, Rosal R, Fernandez- Piñas, (2020) Fibers spreading worldwide: Microplastics and other anthropogenic litter in an Arctic freshwater lake. Sci Total Environ 722:137904
  2. Guzzetti E, Sureda A, Tejada S, Faggio C (2018) Microplastic in marine organism: environmental and toxicological effects. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 64:164–171

 

  1. Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, Banni M, Favara C, Nicolosi I, Cristaldi A, Fiore M, Zuccarello P (2020) Micro- and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the general population. Environm Res 187:109677

 

  1. Lusher AL, Welden NA, Sobral P, Cole M (2017) Sampling, isolating and identifying microplastics ingested by fish and invertebrates. Anal Methods 9(9):1346–1360

 

  1. Stock F, Kochleus C, Bansch-Baltruschat B, Brennhold N (2019) Sampling techniques and preparation methods for microplastic analyses in the aquatic environment—a review. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 113:84–92

 

  1. Liu M, Shibo L, Chen Y, Cao C, Bigalke M, He D (2020) Analytical Methods for Microplastics in Environments: Current Advances and Challenges. In: He D, Luo Y (ed) Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments—Emerging Contaminants and Major Challenges. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry: Vol. 95 (pp. 3–24).

 

  1. Stanton T, Johnson M, Nathanail P, MacNaughtan W, Gomes RL (2019) Freshwater and airborne textile fibre populations are dominated by ‘natural’, not microplastic, fibres. Sci Total Environ 666:377–389

 

  1. IVM Institute for Environmental Studies: Dutch Ministry of Infrastruc- ture and Environment (2011) Microplastic Litter in the Dutch Marine Environment.

 

  1. Zhang J, Wang L, Kannan K (2020) Microplastics in house dust from 12 countries and associated human exposure. Environ Int 134:105314

 

  1. Catarino AI, Macchia V, Sanderson WG, Thompson RC, Henry TB (2018) Low levels of microplastics (MP) in wild mussels indicate that MP inges- tion by humans is minimal compared to exposure via household fibres fallout during a meal. Environ Pollut 237:675–684

 

  1. Dehghani S, Moore F, Akhbarizadeh R (2017) Microplastic pollution in deposited urban dust, Tehran metropolis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Iran, p 24

 

  1. Free CM, Jensen O, Mason SA, Eriksen M, Williamson NJ, Boldgiv B (2014) High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, moun- tain lake. Mar Pollut Bull 85(1):156–163

 

  1. Napper IE, Davies BFR, Clifford H, Elvin S, Koldewey HJ, Mayewski PA, Miner KR, Mariusz Potocki M, Elmore AC, Gajurel AP, Thompson RC (2020) Reaching new heights in plastic pollution—preliminary findings of microplastics on Mount Everest. One Earth 3(5):621–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneea r.2020.10.020

 

  1. Dris R, Gasperi J, Saad M, Mirande C, Tassin B (2016) Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment? Mar Pollut Bull 104(1):290–293

 

  1. Pauly JL, Stegmeier SJ, Allart HA, Cheney RT, Zhang PJ, Mayer AG, Streck RJ (1998) Inhaled cellulosic and plastic fibers found in human lung tis- sue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prevent 7(5):419

 

  1. Leslie HA, Brandsma SH, van Velzen MJM, Vethaak AD (2017) Micro- plastics en route: Field measurements in the Dutch river delta and Amsterdam canals, wastewater treatment plants, North Sea sediments and biota. Environ Int 101:133–142

 

  1. Salvador Cesa F, Turra A, Baruque-Ramos J (2017) Synthetic fibers as microplastics in the marine environment: a review from textile perspective with a focus on domestic washings. Sci Total Environ 598:1116–1129

 

  1. Obbard RW, Sadri S, Wong YQ, Khitun AA, Baker I, Thompson RC (2014) Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice. Earth’s Future 2(6):315–320

 

  1. Kosuth M, Mason S, Wattenberg E, Tyree C, Morrison D (2017) Syn- thetic polymer contamination of global drinking water. PLoS ONE 13(4):e0194970

 

  1. Hearle J, Morton W (2008) Physical Properties of Textile Fibres. Wood- head Publishing, Sawston

 

  1. Woodall L, Sanchez-Vidal A, Canals M, Paterson GLJ, Coppock R, Sleight VA, Calafat A, Rogers AD, Narayanaswamy BE, Thompson RC (2014) The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Soc Open Sci 1(4):140317

 

  1. Kane IA, Clare MA, Miramontes E, Wogelius R, Rothwell JJ, Garreau P, Pohl F (2020) Seafloor microplastic hotspots controlled by deep-sea circulation. Science 368:eaba5899

 

  1. De Witte B, Devriese L, Bekaert K, Hoffman S, Vandermeersch G, Cooreman K, Robbens J (2014) Quality assessment of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis): Comparison between commercial and wild types. Mar Pollut Bull 85(1):146–155

 

  1. de Vries AN, Govoni D, Arnason SH, Carlsson P (2020) Microplastic ingestion by fish: Body size, condition factor and gut fullness are not related to the amount of plastics consumed. Mar Pollut Bull 151:110827

 

  1. Bellas J, Martinez-Armental J, Martinez-Camara A, Besada V, Martinez- Gomez C (2016) Ingestion of microplastics by demersal fish from the Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Mar Pollut Bull 109(1):55–60

 

  1. Compa M, Ventero A, Iglesias M, Deudero S (2018) Ingestion of micro- plastics and natural fibres in Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) and Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Mar Pollut Bull 128:89–96

 

  1. Codina-García M, Militao T, Hernando Moreno J, Gonzalez-Solis J (2013) Plastic debris in Mediterranean seabirds. Mar Pollut Bull 77(1):220–226

 

  1. Farrell P, Nelson k, (2013) Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.). Environ Pollut 177:1–3

 

  1. Nelms SE, Galloway T, Godley BJ, Jarvis DS, Lindeque OK (2018) Inves- tigating microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators. Environ Pollut 238:999–1007

 

  1. Duncan EM, Broderick AC, Fuller WJ, Galloway TS, Godfrey MH, Hamann M, Limpus CJ, Lindeque PK, Mayes AG, Omeyer LCM, Santillo D, Snape RTE, Godley BJ (2019) Microplastic ingestion ubiquitous in marine tur- tles. Glob Chang Biol 25(2):744–752. https ://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14519 (Epub 2018 Dec 4 PMID: 30513551)

 

  1. Prinz N, Korenz Š (2020) Understanding How Microplastics Affect marine biota on the cellular level is important for assessing ecosystem function: a review. In: Jungblut S, Liebich V, Bode-Dalby M (ed) YOUMARES 9-The Oceans: our research, our future: proceedings of the 2018 conference for YOUng MArine RESearcher in Oldenburg, Germany. Springer International Publishing: Cham. p. 101–120.

 

  1. Jacob H, Besson M, Swarzenski PW, Lecchini D, Metian M (2020) Effects of virgin micro- and nanoplastics on fish: trends, meta-analysis, and perspectives. Environ Sci Technol. 54:4733–4745

 

  1. Jemec A, Horvat P, Kunej U, Bele M, Krzan A (2016) Uptake and effects of microplastic textile fibers on freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. Environ Pollut 219:201–209

 

  1. Trifuoggi M, Pagano G, Oral R, Pavicic-Hamer D, Buric P, Kovacic I, Sicili- ano A, Toscanesi M, Thomas PJ, Paduano L, Guida M, Lyons DM (2019) Microplastic-induced damage in early embryonal development of sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis. Environ Res 179:108815
  2. Pannetier P, Morin B, Le Bihanic F, Dubreil L, Clerandeau C, Chouvellon F, Van Arkel K, Danion M, Cachot J (2020) Environmental samples of microplastics induce significant toxic effects in fish larvae. Environ Int 134:105047

 

  1. Van Colen C, Vanhove B, Diem A, Moens T (2020) Does microplastic ingestion by zooplankton affect predator-prey interactions? An experi- mental study on larviphagy. Environ Pollut 256:113479

 

  1. Foley CJ, Feiner ZS, Malinich TD, Hook TO (2018) A meta-analysis of the effects of exposure to microplastics on fish and aquatic invertebrates. Sci Total Environ 631–632:550–559

 

  1. Walkinshaw C, Lindeque PK, Thompson RC, Tolhurst T, Cole M (2020) Microplastics and seafood: lower trophic organisms at highest risk of contamination. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 190:110066

 

  1. GESAMP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (2015) Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment

 

  1. IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (2017) Primary microplastics in the oceans: a global evaluation of sources

 

  1. Mintenig SM, Kooi M, Erich MW, Primpke S, Redonde-Hasselerham PE, Dekker SC, Koelmans AA, van Wezel AP (2020) A systems approach to understand microplastic occurrence and variability in Dutch riverine surface waters. Water Res 176:115723

 

  1. Fortin S, Song B, Burbage C (2019) Quantifying and identifying micro- plastics in the effluent of advanced wastewater treatment systems using Raman microspectroscopy. Mar Pollut Bull 149:110579

 

  1. Talvitie J, Mikola A, Koistinen AP, Setala O (2017) Solutions to microplas- tic pollution—removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Res 123:407

 

  1. Hou L, Kumar D, Yoo CG, Gitsov I, Majumder ELW (2020) Conversion and removal strategies for microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and landfills. Chem Eng J. 406:126715

 

  1. Nizzetto L, Futter M, Langaas S (2016) Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environ Sci Technol 50(20):10777–10779

 

  1. Liu M, Lu S, Song Y, Lei L, Hu J, Lv W, Zhou W, Cao C, Shi H, Yang X, He D (2018) Microplastic and mesoplastic pollution in farmland soils in suburbs of Shanghai, China. Environ Pollut 242:855–862

 

  1. Corradini F, Meza P, Eguiluz R, Casado F, Huerta-Lwanga E, Geiseen V (2019) Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge disposal. Sci Total Environ 671:411–420

 

  1. Piehl S, Leibner A, Loder MGJ, Dris R, Bogner C, Laforsch C (2018) Identification and quantification of macro- and microplastics on an agricultural farmland. Scientific reports 8(1):17950–17950

 

  1. Guo JJ, Huang XP, Xiang L, Wang YZ, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Mo CH, Wong MH (2020) Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil. Environ Int 137:105263

 

  1. Wang W, Ge J, Yu X, Li H (2020) Environmental fate and impacts of microplastics in soil ecosystems: progress and perspective. Sci Total Environ 708:134841

 

  1. Wang J, Liu X, Li Y, Powell T, Wang X, Zhang P (2019) Microplastics as contaminants in the soil environment: a mini-review. Sci Total Environ 691:848–857

 

  1. Leed R, Smithson M (2019) (2019) Ecological effects of soil microplas- tic pollution. Science Insights 30:70–84

 

  1. Ng EL, Huerta Lwanga E, Eldridge SM, Johnston P, Hu HW, Geissen V, Chen D (2018) An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems. Sci Total Environ 627:1377–1388

 

  1. de Souza Machado AA, Lau CW, Till J, Kloas W, Lehmann A, Becker R, Rilling MC (2018) Impacts of microplastics on the soil biophysical environment. Environ Sci Technol 52(17):9656–9665

 

  1. de Souza Machado AA, Lau CW, Kloas W, Bergmann J, Bachekier JB, Faltin E, Becker R, Gorlich AS, Rilling MC (2019) Microplastics can change soil properties and affect plant performance. Environ Sci Technol 53(10):6044–6052

 

  1. Zhang GS, Zhang FX, Li XT (2019) Effects of polyester microfibers on soil physical properties: perception from a field and a pot experi- ment. Sci Total Environ 670:1–7

 

  1. Song Y, Cao C, Qiu R, Hu J, Liu M, Lu S, Shi H, Raley-Susman KM, He D (2019) Uptake and adverse effects of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics fibers on terrestrial snails (Achatina fulica) after soil exposure. Environ Pollut 250:447–455

 

  1. Huerta Lwanga E, Mendoza Vega J, Quej VK, de los Angeles Chi J, del Sanchez L, Chi C, Segura E, Gertsen H, Salanki T, van der Ploeg M, Koelmans AA, Geissen V (2017) Field evidence for transfer of plastic debris along a terrestrial food chain. Scientific Reports 7(1):14071

 

  1. Boots B, Russell C, Green D (2019) Effects of microplastics in soil ecosystems: above and below ground. Environ Sci Technol 53:11496–11506

 

  1. Rubio L, Marcos R, Hernández A (2020) Potential adverse health effects of ingested micro- and nanoplastics on humans. Lessons learned from in vivo and in vitro mammalian models. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part B 23(2):51–68

 

  1. Prata JC, da Costa JP, Lopez I, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T (2020) Envi- ronmental exposure to microplastics: an overview on possible human health effects. Sci Total Environ 702:134455

 

  1. Galloway TS (2015) Micro- and Nano-plastics and Human Health. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M (eds) Marine Anthropogenic Litter. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 343–366

 

  1. Gasperi J, Wright SL, Dris R, Collard F, Mandin C, Guerrouache M, Lan- glois V, Kelly FJ, Tassin B (2018) Microplastics in air: are we breathing it in? Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 1:1–5

 

  1. Cox KD, Covernton GA, Davies HL, Dower JF, Juanes F, Dudas SE (2019) Human consumption of microplastics. Environ Sci Technol 53(12):7068–7074

 

  1. Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat (2020) FFact: Maasbalans textiel 2018.

 

  1. Ecotextile News (2016) One third of all clothing “never sold” https://www.ecote xtile .com/20160 42122 078/fashi on-retai l-news/one-third-of-all-clothing-never-sold.html Accessed 10 May 2020

 

  1. Fortune (2018) Burberry burned $37 million worth of products to protect its brand https ://fortu ne.com/2018/07/19/burbe rry-burns -millions/ Accessed 10 May 2020

 

  1. Ministerio para la transicion ecologica y el reto demografico (2020) Bor- rador del anteproyecto de ley de residuos y suelos contaminados

 

  1. Assemblee Nationale (2020) Projet de loi relatif à la lutte contre le gaspillage et à l’économie circulaire

 

  1. Muthu SS (2014) Chapter 8 – End-of-life management of textile products. In: Muthu SS (ed) Assesing the environmental impact of textiles and the clothing supply chain. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston

 

  1. Moltó J, Font R, Conesa JA (2006) Study of the organic compounds produced in the pyrolysis and combustion of used polyester fabrics. Energy Fuels 20(5):1951–1958

 

  1. Dzie¸ciol M, Trzeszczyn´ski J, (1998) Studies of temperature influence on volatile thermal degradation products of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 69(12):2377–2381

 

  1. Beylot A, Hochar A, Michel P, Descat M, Menard Y, Villeneuve J (2018) Municipal solid waste incineration in france: an overview of air pollu- tion control techniques, emissions, and energy efficiency. J Ind Ecol 22(5):1016–1026

 

  1. Damgaard A, Riber C, Fruergaard T, Hulgaard T, Christensen TH (2010) Life-cycle-assessment of the historical development of air pollution control and energy recovery in waste incineration. Waste Manage 30(7):1244–1250

 

  1. Nordic Council of Ministers (2016) Gaining benefits from discarded textiles. LCA of different treatment pathways.

 

  1. Shen L, Worrell E, Patel MK (2012) Comparing life cycle energy and GHG emissions of bio-based PET, recycled PET, PLA, and man-made cellulosics. Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefin 6(6):625–639

 

  1. Forrest MJ (2019) Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate. De Gruyter Publisher, Berlin

 

  1. Zimmermann W (2020) Biocatalytic recycling of polyethylene terephthalate plastic. Phil Trans R Soc A 378:20190273. https ://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0273

 

  1. Zanela T, Muniz E, Almeida C (2018) Chemical Recycling of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Catalyzed Glycolysis. Orbital Electron J Chem. 10:226–233

 

  1. Siddiqui MN, Redhwi HH, Achilias DS (2012) Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste through methanolic pyrolysis in a microwave reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrol 98:214–220

 

  1. López-Fonseca R, Duque-Ingunza I, de Rivas B, Arnaiz S, Gutierrez-Ortiz JI (2010) Chemical recycling of post-consumer PET wastes by glycolysis in the presence of metal salts. Polym Degrad Stab 95(6):1022–1028

 

  1. Imran M, Kim DH, Al-Masry WA, Mahmood A, Hassan A, Haider S, Ramay SM (2013) Manganese-, cobalt-, and zinc-based mixed-oxide spinels as novel catalysts for the chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephtha- late) via glycolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 98(4):904–915

 

  1. Artigas Vilaplana MV, Mestrom L, de Groot R, Philippi V, Guer- rero Sanchez C, Hooghhoudt T (2014) Polymer degradation. Patent WO/2014/209117 31 Dec 2014.
  2. Kawai F, Kawabata T, Oda M (2019) Current knowledge on enzy- matic PET degradation and its possible application to waste stream management and other fields. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103(11):4253–4268
  3. Tournier V, Tpham CM, Gilles A, David B, Folgoas C, Moya-Leclair E, Kamionka E, Desrousseaux ML, Texier H, Gavalda S, Cot M, Guemard E, Dalibey M, Nomme J, Cioci G, Barbe S, Chateau M, Andre I, Duquesne S, Mart A (2020) An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles. Nature 580(7802):216–219

 

  1. Wei R, Breite D, Song C, Grasing D, Hille P, Schwedtfeger R, Matysik J, Schulze A, Zimmermann W (2019) Biocatalytic degradation efficiency of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate packaging determined by their polymer microstructures. Adv Sci 6(14):1900491

 

  1. Salvador M, Abdulmutalib U, Gonzalez J, Kim J, Smith AA, Faulon JL, Wei R, Zimmermann W, Jimenez JI (2019) Microbial genes for a circular and sustainable bio-PET economy. Genes 10(5):373

 

  1. Gong J, Kong T, Li Y, Li Q, Li Z, Zhang J (2018) Biodegradation of microplastic derived from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with bacterial whole-cell biocatalysts. Polymers 10(12):1326

 

  1. Gleizer S, Ben-Nissan R, Bar-On YM, Antonovsky N, Noor E, Zohar Y, Jona G, Krieger E, Shamshoum M, Bar-Even A, Milo R (2019) Conversion of Escherichia coli to generate all biomass carbon from Cell 179(6):1255-1263.e12

 

  1. Blank LM, Narancic T, Mampel J, Tiso T, O’Connor K (2020) Biotechnolog- ical upcycling of plastic waste and other non-conventional feedstocks in a circular economy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 62:212–219. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbi o.2019.11.011

 

  1. Franden MA, Jayakody LN, Li WJ, Wagner NJ, Cleveland NS, Michener WE, Hauer B, Blank LM, Wierckx N, Klebensberger J, Beckham GT (2018) Engineering Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for efficient ethylene glycol utilization. Metab Eng 48:197–207. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben .2018.06.003

 

  1. Duarte CM, Agusti S, Barbier E, Britten GL, Castilla JC, Gattuso JP, Ful- weiler RW, Hughes TP, Knowlton N, Lovelock CE, Lotze HK, Pedragovic M, Poloczanska E, Roberts C, Worm B (2020) Rebuilding marine life. Nature 580(7801):39–51

 

  1. Napper IE, Barrett AC, Thompson RC (2020) The efficiency of devices intended to reduce microfibre release during clothes washing. Sci Total Environ 738:140412

 

  1. Strahan SE, Douglass AR (2018) Decline in antarctic ozone depletion and lower stratospheric chlorine determined from aura microwave limb sounder observations. Geophys Res Lett 45(1):382–390

 

  1. Jung S, Jin B (2014) A theoretical investigation of slow fashion: sustain- able future of the apparel industry. Int J Consumer Stud 38:510–519

 

  1. Eurostat (2020) How are emissions of greenhouse gases by the EU evolving? https ://ec.europ a.eu/euros tat/cache /infog raphs /energ y/bloc-4a.html Accessed 17 June 2020

Related Posts:

Powered by Contextual Related Posts

RECOMMENDED FOR YOU

Loading...
Newer Post
Older Post
Share This